However, their wars with the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty and the Tatar confederation had weakened them. First attested as the 'Mungu', ( Chinese: 蒙兀, Modern Chinese Měngwù, Middle Chinese Muwngu ), a branch of the Shiwei in an 8th-century Tang dynasty list of northern tribes, presumably related to the Liao-era Mungku ( Chinese: 蒙古, Modern Chinese Měnggǔ, Middle Chinese MuwngkuX ).Īfter the fall of the Liao in 1125, the Khamag Mongols became a leading tribe on the Mongolian Plateau. The origin of the Mongolian word "Mongol" ( монгол) is of uncertain etymology, given variously such as the name of a mountain or river a corruption of the Mongolian Mongkhe- tengri-gal ("Eternal Sky Fire") or a derivation from Mugulü, the 4th-century founder of the Rouran Khaganate. The name Mongolia means the "Land of the Mongols" in Latin. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade groups. Mongolia is a member of the United Nations, Asia Cooperation Dialogue, G77, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Non-Aligned Movement and a NATO global partner. The vast majority of citizens are ethnic Mongols, with roughly 5% of the population being Kazakhs, Tuvans, and other ethnic minorities, who are especially concentrated in the west. Islam is the third-largest religious identification (3.2%), concentrated among ethnic Kazakhs. Buddhism is the majority religion (51.7%), with the nonreligious being the second-largest group (40.6%). This led to a multi-party system, a new constitution of 1992, and transition to a market economy.Īpproximately 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic horse culture remains integral. After the anti-communist revolutions of 1989, Mongolia conducted its own peaceful democratic revolution in early 1990. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was founded as a socialist state. Shortly thereafter, the country became a satellite state of the Soviet Union, which had aided its independence from China. After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, and achieved actual independence from the Republic of China in 1921. By the early 20th century, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks. In the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia, being further led by the Manchu-founded Qing dynasty, which absorbed the country in the 17th century. After the collapse of the Yuan, the Mongols retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of Dayan Khan and Tumen Zasagt Khan. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China proper and established the Yuan dynasty. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, and others. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres (603,909 square miles), with a population of just 3.3 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign nation. Mongolia ( / m ɒ ŋ ˈ ɡ oʊ l i ə/ ( listen)) is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south.
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